Marx, Engels: The Communist Manifesto! (2)
Manifesto of the Communist Party 1848! P2:
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Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians
The history of all hitherto existing society
is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian,
lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman,
in a word, oppressor and oppressed,
stood in constant opposition to one another,
carried on an uninterrupted,
now hidden, now open fight,
a fight that each time ended,
either in a revolutionary reconstitution
of society at large, or in the common ruin
of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history,
we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement
of society into various orders,
a manifold gradation of social rank.
In ancient Rome we have patricians,
knights, plebeians, slaves;
in the Middle Ages, feudal lords,
vassals, guild-masters, journeymen,
apprentices, serfs;
in almost all of these classes,
again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted
from the ruins of feudal society
has not done away with class antagonisms.
It has but established new classes,
new conditions of oppression,
new forms of struggle in place of the old ones.
Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie,
possesses, however, this distinct feature:
it has simplified class antagonisms.
Society as a whole is more
and more splitting up into two great hostile camps,
into two great classes directly facing each other:
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
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